Wednesday, August 1, 2012

كاس المشاكل المصري او كاس السوبر المصري نظرا للمشاكل التي واجهت
اقامة هذه المباراة قبل اقامتها
والتي نامل ان تمر علي خير 
 مشاهده ممتعه
الاهلي وانبي في كاس السوبر
انضم الي صفحتنا علي الفيس بوك لمزيد من التفاصيل و اخر الاخبار.








وصلت الحافلة التي تقل فريق الأهلي إلى ملعب برج العرب من أجل خوض مباراة السوبر أمام إنبي.
وكانت أنباء قد تواترت حول إلغاء هذه المباراة بسبب مخاوف من تجاوزات الأولتراس.
وحسبما أفاد مراسل  فإن فإن حافلة النادي الأهلي قد تحركت صوب ملعب المباراة من أجل خوض المباراة ووصلت وسط حراسة الشرطة.
وكذلك الحال بالنسبة لحافلة فريق إنبي الذي تحرك هو الآخر لخوض هذه المباراة.


اشتعلت أزمة مباراة كاس السوبر بين الأهلى وانبي بين رفض تام من أهالى الشهداء ومجموعة أولترا أهلاوى لإقامة اللقاء وبين استماتة فضائية ورغبة من اتحاد الكرة ووزير الرياضة فى إقامة البطولة التى تعرف في جميع دول العالم بـ " الإحتفالية " وبين هولاء وهولاء تقف المؤسسات الرسمية فى الدولة على الحياد فى إنتظار لما تسفر عنه الأحداث.

فلاش باك

قبل مباراة مذبحة بورسعيد كانت هناك شواهد كثيرة تؤكد حدوث شغب .. بيان من هنا وبيان من هناك .. اقتحام سابق من جماهير المحلة لمباراة الأهلى والمحلة .. ثم أغنية تتوعد بقتل جماهير الأهلي .. إصرار غريب ورهيب على إقامة المباراة بل وطمأنة الجماهير وفى النهاية كانت المذبحة.

ردود الفعل

جاء رد الفعل الجميع بعد دقائق المذبحة جاء على مستوى الحدث ، الجميع لاعبين وإعلاميين وجماهير انتابهم ثورة من الغضب والحزن كما ضرب أهالى الشهداء الذين فقدوا أبنائهم ولكن الفرق الأن أن نار الفريق الأول هدأت بينما نار أهالى الشهداء والزملاء ما زالت مشتعلة.

محمد بركات انتقد الإصرار على إقامة الدورى من أجل الأموال ولاعبي الأهلي أيضاً والإعلاميين لم يكترثوا بالنشاط بعد وقوع المذبحة بدقائق والإعلان عن سقوط القتلي.

حرب الكواكب

اعتذر أبو تريكة عن المشاركة فى السوبر ، بعد أن استشعر من خلال المعطيات الموجودة على أرض الواقع أنه هناك اشتباك قادم ، وقامت الحرب على صانع ألعاب الأهلي على القنوات الفضائية خلال يومين .

واشتعلت الحرب بين الفضائيات ورابطة الأولترا فالأولي تستميت من أجل إقامة السوبر بينما الثانية تقاتل من أجل البحث عن حقوق زملائهم وأسر الشهداء.

مواجهة وتحذير

رفضت الأولترا وأهالى الشهداء إقامة بطولة السوبر وواجه هذا الهجوم إصرار على إقامة البطولة ، وارتفعت حدة  الأحتجاجات هنا والإصرار على إقامة البطولة هناك ، رابطة الأولترا أقامت وقفات احتجاجية أمام مديرية أمن الأسكندرية والأهلى وإتحاد الكرة وأعلنت عن اقتحام الملعب ، معلنة عن اتفاق الأمن مع البدو والعرب بالمنطقة المحيطة للتصدى لإقتحام الجماهير وهو المؤشر الخطير الذى بنى هذا التقرير من أجله.

وسواء إذا كانت مواجهة العرب مع الأولترا هى حقيقية أو شائعات فيجب التحذير منها وإبلاغها إلى من يهمه الأمر.

مع × ضد

الدولة يجب أن تعود النشاط يجب أن يعود ، المتضررين من إيقاف النشاط الرياضى بالملايين ويجب إنقاذهم لإعادة النشاط هى أراء المؤيدين لعودة النشاط أم الجانب الأخر نسيان الشهداء وحقوقهم هي مخاوف بنى على أساسها رفض عودة النشاط بالإضافة إلى قرار سابق لإدارة الأهلى يستشهد به بعض المعترضين لعودة النشاط وهو انسحاب الأهلى من بطولة كأس مصر التى تم الغائها العام الماضى بسبب الإختلاف بين الأهلى واتحاد الكرة على الرعاة.

ويبقى فى النهاية التحذير من تفاقم  الوضع بمباراة السوبر بغض النظر عن عودة النشاط الرياضى من عدمه؟
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Sunday, June 17, 2012

Directors, Commissioners & Shareholders Meeting

Directors, Commissioners & Shareholders Meeting 
Indonesian corporate structure is different from the 
common law system, since it adopts a two-tier management 
structure instead of a single-tier management. The management 
structure comprises of Board of Directors  (“BOD- Direksi”) and 
Board of Commisioners  (“BOC-Dewan Komisaris”). Senior 
officers are responsible for the company’s actual management in the 
operational sense is the Direksi. Even though there is one director, 
there is usually more than one. The basic functions of the Direksi 
are to manage and represent the company, and not the shareholders. 
The second tier is Komisaris (“Commisioner”), which has the role 
of supervising and advising the  Direksi, and representing the 
interests of the company and not merely the interest of the 
shareholders. The requirement of  a company to have a BOC is a 
significant alteration from the old provision (the Code). To date, all 
public companies, companies in  the business of mobilizing funds 
from the public or companies that issue debt instruments must have 
at least two directors and two commissioners. The UUPT also 
distinguishes between the collegial nature of the BOD and the non-
collegial nature of the BOC. Where a company has more than one 
commissioner, the BOC constitutes a council pursuant to the 
Elucidation that no individual  commissioner can represent the 
company if there is more than one commissioner. In contrast, when 
a company has more than one director, each director has the 
individual authority to represent the company unless the company’s 
articles of association states  otherwise. Although the primary 
responsibility of managing the company rests on the directors, in 
some circumstances, commissioners can exert certain managerial 
powers -provided by the company’s articles of association or the 
GMS- for instance managing the company for a specific time 
period. Both director and commissioner bear personal liability for
any fault or negligence committed in discharging his/her task. 
Although the UUPT does not define “fault” or “negligence”, it does 
however acknowledge the concepts of fiduciary duties. In case of 
breaching any fiduciary duties, shareholders who control at least ten 
percent of the issued shares with valid voting rights may, in the 
name of the company, bring a cause of action against the director or 
commissioner for the loss suffered by the company. Since the 
shareholder initiates the legal action in the name of the company, it 
can be considered derivative action.   
Pursuant to the UUPT, the shareholders of an Indonesian 
company are acting via GMS. The GMS has various rights, some of 
which cannot be waived under any circumstances i.e. the right to 
approve amendments of the company’s Articles of Association and 
to approve a dissolution or winding up of the company, while the 
rest may be modified in the company’s Articles of Association. 
There are two types of GMS: annual and extraordinary meetings. 
An annual GMS is held within the last six months of the company’s 
fiscal year. The GMS convenes in order to approve the annual 
report, including its annual accounts that must comply with 
Indonesian Financial Accounting Standards and the signatures of 
the directors and commissioners required for the annual accounts. 
The extraordinary GMS can be  convened at any time that the 
company deems necessary for the purposes stipulated in the UUPT 
or Articles of Association. In other word, a company shall 
undertake an extraordinary GMS for the purposes other than 
approving the company’s annual account, such as: merges, 
acquisitions or appointment of a new Direksi. Commissioner, 
Director or a party that controls  at least 10% of the issued shares 
may request the meeting.

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Separate Legal Entity,Incorporation,Share Capital and Voting Rights

Separate Legal Entity  
PT, as an Indonesian company,  is a legal person who has a 
legal identity separate from its shareholders. Thus, shareholders are 
not personally liable for the obligations of the company. The 
shareholders have limited liability to the extent that their liability 
for the acts of the company can be limited to their capital 
contribution. Nevertheless, there are some limited possibilities to 
pierce this corporate veil, for instances in the event that the relevant 
shareholders either directly or indirectly with bad faith take 
advantage of the company solely for their personal interest or the 
relevant shareholders either directly or indirectly unlawfully use 
company’s asset causing the company’s assets to be inadequate to 
settle company’s debts.  

Incorporation 
There are four steps for incorporating a PT. First, execute 
the deed of establishment, which also includes the company’s 
article of association before a notary in the form of a notarial deed. 
Second, obtain a formal approval over the deed from the Ministry of 
Law and Regulation. Upon approval, the deed has to be registered 
in the Company Registry that is maintained by the Ministry of 
Industry and Trade.  Lastly, publish the deed of establishment in the 
State Gazette. It needs to be pointed out that prior to the registration 
and publication processes, the liability of a company can be put in 
the hands of its directors. In other words, in addition to the liability 
of the company, a personal liability of the director’s may arise if the 
new company fails to register and publish the approved deed.  
Another requirement in establishing a PT is to have at least 
two persons as the founders or shareholders. The eligible person can 
be an individual or a legal entity. With an exception for PT BUMN 
(State-Owned Company) can be established by a single entity, the 
government. The requirement to have at least two shareholders still 
continues. If a PT has only one  shareholder and it does not offer 
shares to other shareholders within six months, then the existing 
shareholder is personally liable for the agreements and losses of the 
company. The requirement to have at least two shareholders is 
based on contractual theory, a conception that a PT is a product of 
contract, thus it requires two or more shareholders at all times.  

Share Capital and Voting Rights 
The UUPT requires a company to have a minimum 
authorized capital of 20 million rupiah. Issued capital must be at 
least 25% of the authorized capital and by the time of approval of 
the Articles of Association of the new company by the Minister of 
Law and Regulation, all the issued  capital must be fully paid up. 
However, in the case of a PMA company and a PMDN company, 
usually BKPM requires a higher minimum capital level of 
investment.  
A company may issue registered and bearer shares and may 
also issue non-voting shares. Furthermore, it can issue redeemable 
and convertible shares, cumulative and non-cumulative shares, and 
preference shares. However, a company must have at least one class 
of ordinary shares (“saham biasa”) with voting rights. Payment for 
shares can be made in cash or in other forms (“in kind”), but 
payment in kind, such as of real  property in consideration for the 
issue of shares, requires an independent expert valuation. Under the 
UUPT, a company may not issue shares to itself or to its subsidiary. 
Subsidiary is defined as a company in which the parent company 
owns more than 50% of its shares or the parent company controls 
more than 50% of the voting rights in a General Meeting of 
Shareholder (“GMS”), and/or the parent company influences 
management control such as the appointment and dismissal of 
director and commissioner. However, under special circumstances, 
it can buy back the issued shares and hold them as ‘treasury shares’ 
that the company can sell at a later date. Such shares cannot be
counted to form a quorum nor can  the voting rights be attached to 
the shares being exercised.


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The (New) Company Law Framework

The (New) Company Law Framework 

Ever since Indonesia’s independence, business sectors and 
mainly business enterprises have played an important role in 
fostering Indonesia’s economic  growth. There are various 
regulations that govern Indonesian business organizations. 
Presently, the laws of Indonesian business organizations are 
primarily governed by the Law on Limited Liability Company, Law 
No.1 of 1995 (Undang-Undang tentang Perseroan Terbatas or 
“UUPT”) which is considered modern Indonesian company law 
(referred also as the New Indonesian Company Law), the 
Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata or 
Burgelijke Wetboek), and the Indonesian Commercial Code (Kitab 
Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang or Wetboek van Koophandel).  
The last two codes were first promulgated during the Dutch colonial 
rule.  
The UUPT, consist of 129 articles and was enacted on 
March 7, 1995 and came into effect  a year later. Prior to the 
enactment of UUPT the limited liability company was governed by 
only twenty-one articles in the Indonesian Commercial Code. The 
UUPT symbolizes the first major revision of the Indonesian 
company law since the commercial code. The promulgation of the 
law was a response to the rapid  economic progress that needed 
provisions to complement international practices and the modern 
commercial sector. This paper will focus on the UUPT since it 
serves as the basis of Indonesian corporate structures.
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business law:Types of Business Organizations:

Types of Business Organizations: 
business law:Types of Business Organizations:
Indonesia’s commercial sector recognizes three principal 
categories of business organizations: sole proprietorship, 
partnership (general or limited) and company. Sole proprietorship is 
generally used in the informal sector, since its nature and activities 
are of the informal sector. For example, it does not require formal 
registration to Indonesian authorities.   
There are three types of partnership:  persekutuan perdata 
(maatschap or private association), persekutuan firma (venootschap 
onder firma or firma, “FA”) and  persekutuan komanditer 
(commanditaire vennootschap, “CV”). The Indonesian Civil Code 
governs the first type of partnership whereas the rest are governed 
by both the Indonesian Civil Code and the Indonesian Commercial 
Code. It is not easy to determine absolute equivalents between these 
partnerships and partnerships under common law tradition; 
however, the maatschap and firma closely resemble the concept of 
a general partnership under the  common law system whereas the 
commanditaire venootschap resembles limited partnership under 
common law.  
The last type of business organization is under the 
Indonesian Company Law takes the form of Perseroan Terbatas 
(“PT”). It is similar to the incorporated limited liability company 
under the common law system. Historically, this was referred to as 
the Dutch corporate model known as the  naamloze venootschap 
(“NV”). However, since the enactment of the new Indonesian 
Company Law, which repealed the provisions governing the 
company, many companies started to use the abbreviation “PT”.  
There was also another form of an Indonesian incorporated 
company, which was intended to be used by indigenous 
Indonesians, so-called “the Maskapai Andil Indonesia” 
(Indonesische Maatschappij of Aandelen or IMA). It was 
governed by separate regulations,  i.e. Ordinances 886.  However, 
the promulgation of the new Indonesian company law in 1995 
abolished the dualism of the Indonesian company structure - PT 
under the Commercial Code and PT under IMA, and brought the 
Indonesian company structure into one common corporate regime: 
the (New) Indonesian Company Law.  
Until now, there are three types of companies in Indonesia. 
The most common is “PT Biasa” or local companies. Even though it 
only has Indonesian shareholders, directors and commissioners, it is 
still subject to regulation by the  UUPT. It is required to have a 
minimal capital, as stated in the UUPT. Although Government 
Regulation No.20 of 1994 (“PP20”) states that foreigners may 
acquire shares in this type of company, in practice,  it is closed to 
foreign investment and foreign  citizens are not allowed to hold 
positions of director or commissioner, unless the field of business is 
not listed on a negative list, in which a specific written approval 
from the relevant Minister is given. The second type is a domestic 
investment company referred to as “PT PMDN” (PMDN Company), 
which has certain regulatory advantages and tax concessions 
compared to a PT Biasa. Originally, a PT PMDN company was 
reserved to Indonesian shareholders, but following the enactment of 
PP20, the Decree of Chairman of BKPM (Investment Coordinating 
Board) 15/SK/1994 (“SK15”) and the current practice of BKPM, it 
became possible for foreign parties to acquire up to 95% of the 
shares in the company. Such a company with a foreign shareholder 
may have foreign directors and/or commissioners. To obtain status 
as a PMDN company, the company has to have BKPM approval for 
the line of business it is operating as and is required to have a 
minimum investment equivalent to the exchange rate as stated in 
BKPM’s letter of approval (specifically in rupiah) set by BKPM. 
Finally, there is the foreign investment company incorporated in the 
Foreign Investment Law of 1967 Law No. 1 of 1967 also known as 
the “PT PMA” (PMA Company). It may have foreigners as its 
shareholders so long as it has at least two shareholders, but it has an 
obligation to invest an unspecific percentage to Indonesia within 15 
years. It may have foreigners as director and commissioner, enjoy 
certain advantages and protections against expropriation of the
investment. However, it has an  obligation to report its activities 
regularly to BKPM. BKPM will approve the minimum investment 
plan of this company that is specified in both US dollars and rupiah.


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Chapter VI:BUSINESS LAW:A. COMPANY LAW

Chapter VI:BUSINESS LAW:A. COMPANY LAW

Introduction  
Since the implementation of the 25-year economic 
development-planning program, Indonesian economic growth can 
be attributed to an increase in participation of small and large 
business enterprises. Not only has there been an increase in assets 
and capital accumulation, enlistment of human resources, but also 
business resources (which from  time to time create a business 
cycle). One of the business entities that dominate, in the Indonesian 
business sector, is the Limited Liability Company. As a created 
legal entity, it is necessary for an Indonesian Limited Liability 
Company to be supported not only by its own organs, but also by 
clear and concise regulations in order to maximize and utilize its 
organizational and managerial ability effectively and efficiently. 
Hence, strong and stable business  entities are very important to 
enhance national development. It is therefore necessary to have a 
brief overview of business organizations within the framework of 
Indonesian Company Law. 

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Thursday, June 7, 2012

Listening 2: Meeting with corporate counsel

Listening 2: Meeting with corporate counsel
Following two years of increasing sales in southern Europe, Chance Computing wants to break
into the more competitive central European market. Jenny Miller, Sales Director of Chance
Computing, has asked Clive Sanborn, corporate counsel, for advice on terminating a number of
agency agreements.
28 6.2 Listen to the first part of their conversation and answer these questions.
1 Why does Chance Computing want to end the agreements with their agents in
southern Europe?
2 What is the maximum amount of compensation an agent can be paid, according
to the regulations?
29 6.3 Listen to the second part of their conversation and answer these questions.
1 Is compensation limited only to lost commissions?
2 For how many years are the agents’ commercial activities restricted following
termination of the agreement?
30 6.2, 6.3 Listen to the whole conversation again and decide whether these
statements are true (T) or false (F).
1 The agents are in breach of contract.
2 Under the agreement, the minimum notice period is six months.
3 The agreement allows for the payment of an indemnity of up to one year’s
average commission fees.
4 The agents must make any claims for compensation within one year of the
termination of the agreement.
5 The restraint-of-trade clause is valid for five years.
6 Under the law, a restraint-of-trade clause in an agency agreement must refer to
either the relevant geographical area or the type of goods in question.
7 The lawyer believes a court would be likely to find for the agents and not uphold
the restraint-of-trade clause if the principal breached the terms of the agreement.
Speaking 2: Role-play: discussing options
31 Following his discussion with Jenny Miller, Clive Sanborn discusses the options
available to Chance Computing with an intern who is shadowing him. With a partner,
role-play their conversation. Discuss the various options that are available to
Chance Computing, together with their possible outcomes. Consider the best case,
worst case and most likely scenarios.
Student 1: You are Clive Sanborn. Summarise the position that Chance Computing
are in.
Student 2: You are the intern shadowing Clive. Suggest some options for the
company based on the information in this unit.
Writing 2: Summary
32 Write a summary of your discussion. Include a model compensation package for
SAMPLE Chance Computing to offer their agents.
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